Introduction
Bian Lian (变脸), or face-changing, is a mesmerizing art form performed in Sichuan Opera. Dressed in vibrant, dramatic costumes, performers don vividly colored masks and move to quick, rhythmic music, executing astonishing face changes at lightning speed.
Originating in Sichuan, Western China, Bian Lian is one of the most recognized subgenres of Sichuan Opera. The face-changing act occurs during performances for varied reasons—often to reflect the character's shifting emotions like fear, anger, or love. Given the minimal sets and props in Sichuan Opera, these transformations play a crucial role in establishing context through the characters’ actions and appearances.
Many viewers liken Bian Lian to magic due to the rapidity and variety of face changes, inspiring awe in both seasoned opera enthusiasts and those unfamiliar with Chinese culture. It stands as the most enigmatic aspect of Sichuan Opera.
How Does It Work?
The secrets behind Bian Lian are closely guarded, known primarily to a select few within Sichuan Opera, who pass down the tradition through generations. Speculations suggest that a system of wires within the costumes allows performers to manipulate masks through specific motions. The skill required to create numerous distinct masks that share a common shape, coupled with the artistry involved in the changing mechanism, is truly impressive.
An Evolving Art
Sichuan Opera is a dynamic art form that continually evolves. By the early 1900s, artists could change up to three masks in a single performance, using dried and painted pig bladders. The 1990s saw a significant evolution with women beginning to practice Bian Lian; in 1998, the renowned master Peng started training eight female students. By the 1990s, performers could switch between four masks, and by 2000, that number had increased to eight. Today, using silk masks and modern technology, artists can seamlessly transition between 18 to 20 different masks.
A Highly-Guarded Secret
Despite its prominence in Chinese culture for over 300 years, the specific mechanisms of Bian Lian remain largely unknown. Artists discreetly pull wires or threads that activate a spring-loaded device to change masks, employing subtle body twitches and swift movements. A leak of Bian Lian's secrets in 1986, when a Sichuan Opera troupe visited Japan, led to a wider awareness of the art form internationally. However, no other artists can switch masks as quickly or as numerous times as the masters in China. Today, there are approximately 200 Bian Lian masters remaining in China.
What Else
Typically, Sichuan Opera is enjoyed alongside the local delicacy of Sichuan hot pot. In addition to traditional performances, you might witness fire breathing at a Sichuan opera show. The spectacle also includes lantern theater, clowns, acrobatics, and shadow plays. Interestingly, the Chinese often say they “listen” to Sichuan Opera, as many shows feature five different forms of Chinese opera, showcasing varied regional styles and historical contexts.
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